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<p>The systems and technology in aquaculture vary from very simple facilities like family ponds for domestic consumption in tropical countries to high technology systems like intensive closed systems for export production. Much of the technology used in aquaculture are often based on small modifications that improve the growth and survival rates of the target species such as improving food seeds oxygen levels and protection from predators. Simple systems of small freshwater ponds used for raising herbivorous and filter feeding fish account for about half of global aquaculture production. A greater understanding of complex interactions between nutrients bacteria and cultured organisms together with advances in hydrodynamics applied to pond and tank design have enabled the development of closed systems. These have the advantage of isolating the aquaculture systems from natural aquatic systems thus minimizing the risk of disease or genetic impacts on the external systems. Where management has been ineffective the greater efficiency of fishing methods and aquaculture production has sometimes led to overfishing and environmental degradation. There is a need to develop more effective fisheries management frameworks together with safer and more environmentally-friendly methods of production. This book is an attempt in this direction and will be useful to students academicians and researchers.</p>
