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Analytical chemistry is often described as the area of chemistry responsible for characterizing the composition of matter both qualitatively (what is present) and quantitatively (how much is present). This description is misleading. The basic types of reactions used for determinative purposes encompass the traditional four in equilibrium based measurements: precipitation (ion exchange) acid base (proton exchange) redox (electron exchange) and complexation (ligand exchange). These four basic types or cases that can be reduced to them are also found in kinetic based measurements with some distinguishable trends. The influence of concentration on the position of a chemical equilibrium is described in quantitative terms by means of an equilibrium constant expression. Such expressions are important because they permit the chemist to predict the direction and completeness of a chemical reaction. However the size of one equilibrium constant tells us nothing about the rate (the kinetic) of the reaction. A large equilibrium constant does not imply that a reaction is fast. In fact we sometimes encounter reactions that have highly favorable equilibrium constants but are of slight analytical use because their rates are low. This book provides a clear and concise understanding of the principles applications and limitations of the various techniques involved in analytical chemistry.
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