Tony K. Stewart is Gertrude Conaway Vanderbilt Chair in Humanities, Emeritus, at Vanderbilt University and a specialist in the early modern literatures of the Bengali-speaking world. His most recent work is Witness to Marvels: Sufism and Literary Imagination, winner of the 2021 Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy Book Prize from the Association for Asian Studies.
<p>With palms pressed together in respect,</p><p>I praise the lotus feet and magnificent girth of</p><p>the Lord Dakṣiṇ Rāy, Master of the Southern Regions, …</p><p>Against Baḍa Khān Gāji, the Great Sufi Warrior,</p><p>You waged war throughout the territory’s canals and channels,</p><p>but in the end you became close, fast friends.</p><p>—from the opening verse of the Rāy Maṅgal of Kṛṣṇarām Dās</p><p>When the Hindu demigod Dakṣiṇ Rāy and the Sufi warrior Baḍa Khān Gāji meet in the field of battle with armies of tigers, God must intervene in the form of Satya Pīr to broker peace. The two fight again, this time for Gāji’s reunion with his beloved princess Cāmpāvatī. Then, in Rāy’s battle with Bonbibī, the ruling matron of the Sundarbans, it is Gāji’s intervention that saves him from the latter’s wrath. </p><p>Satya Pīr, who always watches over his disciples, aids Madansundar’s quest to find his lost merchant brothers. And Khoyāj Khijir (Khwaja Khizr) helps Gāji find the needle at the bottom of the sea, affirming his status as a jindā pīr, a ‘living’ saint.</p><p>Translated by award-winning scholar of early modern Bengali literature Tony K. Stewart, this collection of tales from the Sundarbans brims with fantasy and excitement. Tigers talk, rocks float, waters part and men magically grow into giants in these pīr kathās, or stories of miracle-working Sufi saints. Bound </p><p>together by the different characters’ pursuit of living honourably and morally in a difficult, corrupt world, these classic compositions from the 16th and 17th centuries also demonstrate how popular romances helped add ‘a natural Islamic substrate to local culture’. </p><p>Vividly retold Hindu and Muslim traditions of Bengal converge in these enchanting tales on timeless themes of human morality, social culture, and survival in the mangrove swamps of the Sundarbans.</p><div><br></div>
