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The process of identifying the boundaries between genes and other features in a raw DNA sequence is called genome annotation and is the domain of bioinformatics. Computer programs have been developed to analyse the data because the data itself is difficult to interpret without such programs. Gene therapy is based on modification of defective genotypes by adding functional genes made through recombinant DNA technology. Bioinformatics is being used to “mine” the human genome for gene products that might be candidates for designer pharmaceutical drugs. Genetic techniques are used in medicine to diagnose and treat inherited human disorders. Breeding analysis and transgenic modification using recombinant DNA techniques are routinely applied. While expert biologists make the best annotators their work proceeds slowly and computer programs are increasingly used to meet the highthroughput demands of genome sequencing projects. The best current technologies for annotation make use of statistical models that take advantage of parallels between DNA sequences and human language using concepts from computer science such as formal grammars. All humans have unique gene sequences. Therefore the data published by does not represent the exact sequence of every individual’s genome.
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