Categories: Environmental science is an interdisciplinary academic field that integrates physics, biology, and geography

Environanotechnology

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<p>The term ‘enviro-nanotechnology’ combines the words ‘environment’ and ‘nanotechnology’. It unexpectedly and its ability to jump gaps such as roads rivers and fire breaks. A shield volcano is a type of volcano usually built almost entirely of fluid lava flows. They resemble a warrior’s shield. A cloudburst is an extreme amount of precipitation often with hail and thunder. This book is about all these natural phenomena as is useful for students researchers meteorologists or anyone interested in knowing about natural calamities implies that the environmental impact of nanotechnology is the possible effects that the use of nanotechnological materials and devices will have on the environment. Nanotechnology’s environmental impact can be split into two major aspects: the potential for nanotechnological innovations to help improve the environment and the possibly new type of pollution that nanotechnological materials might cause when released into the environment. Nanotechnological products processes and applications are anticipated to contribute to a great extent to environmental and climate protection by saving raw materials energy and water in addition to reducing greenhouse gases and hazardous wastes. Using nanomaterials for that reason promises certain environmental benefits and sustainable results. The aim of this book is to report on the results recently achieved in different countries. It provides useful technological information for environmental scientists and will assist them in creating cost-effective nanotechnologies.</p>

Environmental Biodiversity

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<p>A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land or a temporary covering by water of land not normally covered by water. The word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide. Flooding may result from the volume of water within a body of water; river or lake which overflows. An earthquake or a quake tremor or temblor is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust that creates seismic waves. The seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time. In meteorology a cyclone or hurricane is an area of closed circular fluid motion rotating in the same direction as the Earth. A wildfire bushfire forest fire desert fire is any uncontrolled fire in combustible vegetation that occurs in the countryside or a wilderness area. A wildfire differs from other fires by its extensive size the speed at which it can spread out from its original source its potential to change direction.</p>

Environmental Water Pollution and its Control

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<p>Water pollution may be defined as ―the alteration in physical chemical and biological characteristics of water which may cause harmful effects on humans and aquatic life. Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes rivers oceans aquifers and groundwater). This form of environmental degradation occurs when pollutants are directly or indirectly discharged into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds.</p><p>The environmental consequences of rapid industrialisation have resulted in countless incidents of land air and water resources sites being contaminated with toxic materials and other pollutants threatening humans and ecosystems with serious health risks. More extensive and intensive use of materials and energy has created cumulative pressures on the quality of local regional and global ecosystems.</p><p>The importance of water for sustenance of life cannot be overemphasised. Whether it is in use of running water in our homes rearing cattle and growing crops in our farms or the increased uses in industry remain immeasurable. It is important therefore to not that depletion of this commodity either through contamination or careless use results in serous consequences.</p><p>This book serves the compelling demands of the environmentalist civil and environmental engineers operators of water treatment plants environmental protection agencies conservationists law enforcement agencies public administrators and such persons who are involved directly or indirectly with water pollution.</p>

Understanding Environmental Change

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<p>To understand global environmental change it is necessary to focus on the interactions of environmental systems such as the atmosphere the biosphere the geosphere and the hydrosphere with man-made systems including economic political cultural and sociotechnical systems. Human systems and environmental systems meet in two places: where human actions proximately cause environmental change i.e. where they directly alter aspects of the environment and where environmental changes directly affect what humans value.</p><p>Almost all human activity has some potential relevance to global change. Researchers in a number of fields have studied human- environment interactions usually within the boundaries of single disciplines and almost always below the global level. They have demonstrated that a complex of social political economic technological and cultural variables sometimes referred to as driving forces influences the human activities that proximately cause global change.</p><p>This book provides a basic grounding in the science of global environmental change. The philosophy of the text is based on the view that an understanding of natural global change is necessary to assess the impact of human activity. The sheer excitement of the science the wealth of facts and the clarity of the exposition will make it an ideal undergraduate and master’s degree course book.</p>

Water And Soil: Chemistry, Risk And Management

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<p>The role of soil water retention is profound; its effects are far reaching and relationships are invariably complex. it is a key part of the hydrological cycle provides support to organisms interacts with climate and is a major consideration in ground and surface water supply environmental and geo-technical aspects.</p><p>Soils can process and contain considerable amounts of water. They can take in water and will keep doing so until they are full or until the rate at which they can transmit water into and through the pores is exceeded. Some of this water will steadily drain through the soil and end up in the waterways and streams but much of it will be retained away from the influence of gravity for use of plants and other organisms to contribute to land productivity and soil health. The soil’s ability to retain water is strongly related to particle size; water molecules hold more tightly to the fine particles of a clay soil than to coarser particles of a sandy soil so clays generally retain more water. Conversely sands provide easier passage or transmission of water through the profile. Clay type organic content and soil structure also influence soil water retention.</p><p>This book explores the subject in detail and would be beneficial for students.</p>