Environmental science is an interdisciplinary academic field that integrates physics, biology, and geography

The subject of petrology has undergone a revolution within the last decade as a result of the recently developed awareness by geoloaiats of the role of plate tectonics in petrogenesis. Field examinations have included studies-by means of deep sea cores dredge samples and submersibl~f igneous rocles formed at mid-ocean rifts. The distribution and origin of igneous and metamorphic rocks at convergent plate junctions have been more closely defined in terms of plate tectonics. The occurrence of sedimentary materials can now be related to plate tectonic regimes. Laboratory studies are now able to duplicate most of the conditions upon and within the earth. Mineral syntheses have defined the general pressure temperature and compositional limits within which most of the common rock-forming minerals can exist. Isotopid studies can now furnish a date of formation of igneous and metamorphic rocks as well as the temperatures at which many organisms lived in sedimentary environments. In addition improved classification of igneous and sedimentary rocks now yields more meaningful subdivisions and is more closely related to the method of origin than were earlier systems. The aim has been to Present a summary of the more significant portions of both the older and the more recent literature at a level appropriate to the college sophomore or junior who is exposed to a first course in petrology. Literature sources are given at the end of each chapter for those who wish to pursue some of the subjects presented. It is assumed that the student has an understanding of elementary chemistry crystallography and mineralogy as well as some facility with the petrographic microscope (although this is not critical to an understanding of the general concepts).

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To keep our environment healthy and safe are two of the big challenge to the nations. There is urgent need to control the ever increasing population, keep the nature pure, to control the pollution, to regulate the emission of greenhouse effect, conservation of forest and wild life ete. Perhaps our blue planet is about to lose his threshold limit The book covers the UGC and AICTE syllabus for undergraduate course, and also the syllabus for technical and other Universities for different disciplines, may it be in the name of environmental education, environmental science, ecology, or natural resource management. Key features of the book include a simple and holistic approach with illustrations, tables and specific case studies. Besides being a textbook, this could be a guide to the public at large All the requested to give input to us in order to make this book into a substantial one. 

Contents: - * Environmental Science * Natural Resources * Ecosystems * Environmental Pollutants * Water Conservation * From Unsustainable to Sustainable Development * Biodiversity.

Biochemistry studies the processes involved at a molecular level of living things. This involves aspects of cell development relation of the cell structure to function how cells communicate with each other to fight disease regulate an organism’s development and metabolise food and oxygen.

Biochemists plan and conduct experiments to isolate quantify and analyse hormones enzymes and toxins and to determine the effects of substances like drugs food and toxins on biological processes. They may also develop new analytical techniques to detect pollutants and their metabolites or to study biological processes.

Forests are an essential resource and habitat; they protect the soil regulate water and absorb carbon along with nurturing and sheltering a lot of the world’s diversity. Forests are used for wood and non-wood production in combination with other functions such as soil and water protection biodiversity conservation and recreation. They need to be managed using scientific methods. The aim of this book is to present a core of biochemical knowledge that is desirable for students and also those involved in the field of medical microbiology biotechnology and pharmaceutical.

Aquatic diversity focuses on the variety of life and the eco systems that are present in freshwater tidal and marine regions of our world and their interactions. These include lakes ponds and reservoirs rivers and streams groundwater and wetlands; with their banks oceans estuaries salt marshes sea grass beds coral reefs kelp beds and mangrove forests. Aquatic ecosystems also provide a home to many species including phytoplankton zooplankton aquatic plants insects fish birds mammals. Aquatic biodiversity has a huge economic and aesthetic value and is significantly responsible for maintaining and supporting overall environmental health. Aquatic resources are becoming rapidly susceptible to both natural and artificial environmental changes. Thus conservation strategies to protect and conserve aquatic life is necessary to maintain the balance of nature and support the availability of resources for the future. This book looks at the why and how of this.

This book will help us to correct the harmful effects of strategies and policies adopted in the past and pursue management practices that will safeguard the ecological balance of the region and provide livelihood security for the indigenous people who are dependent on forests. Forests provide essential social environmental and economic value to people around the world. However the economic and practical benefits gained from extracting raw materials for goods from forests are often at odds with the social and especially the ecological services forests provide. Conservation is necessary to ensure forests are able to provide these essential services for generations to come but management of forest resources is also required to meet global demand for goods and employment. Forest management expenditures which are made in the expectation of creating benefits at some time in the future are best viewed as investments. This opens up opportunities for using standard investment analysis techniques to rank projects competing for scarce funding. The use of these techniques lets forest managers evaluate alternative strategies and select the one which will contribute the most to the achievement of management goals. This book is intended to provide forest resource managers with an introduction to benefit-cost analysis and its potential use in forest

management. This book is expected to benefit the researchers general readers and policy makers for policy implication.

Forest genetic resources or tree genetic resources are genetic material of shrub and tree species of actual or future value. Forest genetic resources are integral for forest-depending communities who rely for a substantial part of their livelihoods on timber and non-timber forest products like fruits gums and resins for food security domestic use and income generation. These resources are also the basis for large-scale wood production in planted forests so as to satisfy the worldwide need for timber and paper. The Ministry of Forests and Range Forest Genetics research program includes tree improvement as well as a wide range of initiatives related to genetic conservation genetic resources management and identifying and developing mitigation strategies for climate change impacts. The topics of this book have been chosen as to give a comprehensive idea about forest genetics and tree breeding. This book has been designed as a reference book for post-graduate students research workers teachers and undergraduate students specializing in advance course of forest genetics and tree improvement.

A forest is a large area of land covered with trees or other woody vegetation. Hundreds of more precise definitions of forest are used throughout the world incorporating factors such as tree density tree height land use legal standing and ecological function. According to the widely used United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization definition forests covered four billion hectares (15 million square miles) or approximately 30 percent of the world’s land area. Forests are among the most important repositories of terrestrial biological diversity. Together tropical temperate and boreal forests offer very diverse habitats for plants animals and microorganisms. A forest consists of many components that can be broadly divided into two categories that are biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components. The living parts include trees shrubs vines grasses and other herbaceous (non-woody) plants mosses algae fungi insects mammals birds reptiles amphibians and microorganisms living on the plants and animals and in the soil. This book reflects forestry in a society concerned about our ecosystem and its inhabitants keeping in mind that trees have influenced the progress and welfare of humans in every land throughout the ages.

Tissue culture has been proposed as a method for the large-scale clonal propagation of forest species. Plant tissue culture relies on the fact that many plant cells have the ability to regenerate a whole plant (totipotency). Single cells plant cells without cell walls (protoplasts) pieces of leaves or (less commonly) roots can often be used to generate a new plant in culture media given the required nutrients and plant hormones. The main advantage of this technique is the production of exact copies of the parent plant. Plant tissue culture technique offers an excellent opportunity for mass propagation of plants in laboratory test tubes which are transferred to the field. Besides crop plants the technique is also applied to regenerate saplings for plantation and regeneration of dwindling forests. Some rare and nearly extinct plant species can be rescued and propagated by this technique. Due to rapid deforestation and depletion of genetic stocks concerted efforts must be made to evolve new methods for mass propagation and production of short duration trees. This required genetic manipulation to evolve vigorous and fast growing trees with a short reproductive cycle which can be mass propagated. The technology of tissue culture is competent to meet this challenge. Some of the chapters will provide the reader with a broad review of recent developments and progress in the eld of tissue culture.

As much of the world seeks to reduce dependence on fossil fuels energy companies and nations alike are turning once again to our oldest renewable energy resource wood. Both developing and industrialized countries are increasing their use of wood biomass as a direct substitute for fossil fuels for heating and producing electricity. And research is well underway on converting wood to a liquid fuel which could lessen the reliance on oil. In addition wood wastes from a range of sources (e.g. construction or demolition wastes waste from manufacturing of wood based products) can potentially be used for bioenergy and biofuels production. Wood wastes are widely used as local fuel sources across the world by combustion in wood burners or larger biomass boilers. As energy prices have fluctuated and as concern about climate change has grown companies and governments have looked increasingly to bioenergy as an economic and environmentally friendly alternative to fossil fuels as well as for energy security. Recent low forest product prices and financial difficulties faced by the forest sector have also led to calls for increased use of forest biomass for production of a range of bioproducts including bioenergy as additions or alternatives to traditional forest products. Forests are considered as important natural resources so their proper management is highly essential for the growth and development of mankind.