Categories: History

An Earthly Paradise: Trade, Politics and Culture in Early Modern Bengal

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<p>This collection of articles on varied facets of early modern Bengal showcases state of the art in the field and hopes to encourage new research. The essays explore the trading networks, religious traditions, artistic and literary patronage, and politico-cultural practices that emerged in roughly sixteenth-eighteenth centuries. Using a wide array of sources, the contributors to this volume, coming from diverse academic affiliations, and including several young researchers, have attempted to address various historiographical ‘black holes’ bringing in new material and interpretations. Early modern Bengal’s history tends to get overshadowed by the later developments of the nineteenth century. What this assortment of articles highlights is that this period needs to be studied afresh, and in depth. The region underwent rapid transformations as it got politically integrated with Northern India and its empires and economically with extensive global economic networks. Combined with its unique geography, the trajectory of this region in all spheres manifest an almost constant interplay of local and extra-local forces – be it in literature, art, economic domain, political and religious cultures – and considerable enterprise and ingenuity. Thus, a variety of themes – including travel accounts, Portuguese and Arakanese presence, early Dutch, French, Ostend companies’ forays into the region, artistic production in the Nizamat and later collections of art and missionaries, the English company state’s intrusions in local economy in salt and raw silk production and indigenous reactions and rebellions, consumption practices related to religious activities, circulation and translation of texts, representation of women in vernacular writings, and organization of religious traditions – have been analysed in this volume, with a wide ranging introduction tying up the themes to the broader historiographical issues and contexts. The collection will be an invaluable reference tool for students and scholars of history, especially of early modern India and Bengal.&nbsp;</p>

A Revenue History of the Sundarbans: From 1765 to 1870

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<p>The Sundarban stretches from the brackish waters of the broad Hooghly on the west to the fresh waters of the still broader Meghna to the east; the turbid waters of the Bay of Bengal on its southern limits to the zamindari or pargana lands on its northern extremity and includes in its southern fringes the dense natural mangrove forests it is famous for. The revenue history of Sundarbans is linked up with its riverine and coastal networks to its strategic location at the head of the Bay of Bengal which made it a natural protective barrier for the densely populated city of Calcutta. The massive transformation combined with the changed physical structure of Sundarban influenced society and economy on the one hand and invited settlers to establish their control in that region on the other. The Pargiter’s text focuses on the revenue history of a larger part of Sundarbans viz. Jessore Khulna Bakarganj and some parts of 24- Parganas since the inception of the colonial rule in Bengal. It has also been shown how the colonial administrators took various types of measures for collecting revenue by the way of land reclamation. The introductory note by the editor analyses the revenue settlement policies which had been implemented on different occasions to ensure the revenue maximization policies of the British Raj on the one hand and to establish an human settlement in the deltaic region on the other.</p>

Stories About The Partition of India: Volumes I-III

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<p>When the first three volumes of the Stories about the Partition of India were published close to a quarter century ago they were widely acknowledged as the most comprehensive collection of texts in English translation from the three countries of the subcontinent. Ever since the anthology has remained an invaluable resource for historical and literary studies trying to understand the politics of religious identities colonial predatoriness linguistic chauvinism or the partitions of large states to resolve ethnic conflicts anywhere. The new edition of the collection enlarges the range of the anthology by adding a fourth volume which includes a large number of stories from Bengali and Sindhi that speak eloquently about the continuing sorrows of separatist and fundamentalist world-views which destroy old neighbourhoods encourage despair and add to human misery. The additional volume should enable scholars to add fresh insights into the history of the partition as it affected two regions which have yet not become the subject of serious literary and archival research. The anthology is further enriched by including stories by many of the finest writers in Urdu Punjabi or Hindi which have become available recently in English trans­- lations. This volume has also made a special effort to include more stories by major women writers from different languages like Qurratulain Hyder Khadija Mastur Popati Hiranandani Dalip Kaur Tiwana Nisha Da Cunha Rajee Seth Farkhanda Lodhi and Syeda Farida Rahman In a review of the first edition of this collection the New York Times said that Alok Bhalla’s anthology had done a ‘fine . . . job of evoking the terror the bewilderment and the remorse that still shadow so many lives on the subcontinent.</p>

Stories About The Partition of India: Volume IV

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<p>When the first three volumes of the Stories about the Partition of India were published close to a quarter century ago they were widely acknowledged as the most comprehensive collection of texts in English translation from the three countries of the subcontinent. Ever since the anthology has remained an invaluable resource for historical and literary studies trying to understand the politics of religious identities colonial predatoriness linguistic chauvinism or the partitions of large states to resolve ethnic conflicts anywhere. The new edition of the collection enlarges the range of the anthology by adding a fourth volume which includes a large number of stories from Bengali and Sindhi that speak eloquently about the continuing sorrows of separatist and fundamentalist world-views which destroy old neighbourhoods encourage despair and add to human misery. The additional volume should enable scholars to add fresh insights into the history of the partition as it affected two regions which have yet not become the subject of serious literary and archival research. The anthology is further enriched by including stories by many of the finest writers in Urdu Punjabi or Hindi which have become available recently in English trans­- lations. This volume has also made a special effort to include more stories by major women writers from different languages like Qurratulain Hyder Khadija Mastur Popati Hiranandani Dalip Kaur Tiwana Nisha Da Cunha Rajee Seth Farkhanda Lodhi and Syeda Farida Rahman In a review of the first edition of this collection the New York Times said that Alok Bhalla's anthology had done a ‘fine . . . job of evoking the terror the bewilderment and the remorse that still shadow so many lives on the subcontinent.</p>

Histories of the Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movements Histories of the Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movements

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<p>The mass awakening in India after the First World War gave a new dimension to the Indian struggle for Independence. The emergence of M.K. Gandhi on the Indian political scene, his new techniques of mass mobilization, peasant upsurges, revolutionary activities and state peoples' movements, etc., alarmed the colonial power. The Indian National Con­gress approached the masses through its programme of non-cooperation, broadened its mass base and attempted to unite the people on a common platform to fight British imperialism. The British reorganized their Intelligence Department to report on the activities of the ‘seditious leaders’, examine their methods of operation and to bring on record the mass response they received as well as the influence they commanded over the people. This book is the outcome of reports prepared by an intelligence bureau official in 1924 on the two crucial movements of the day – Non-Cooperation and Khilafat movements – which were inter-dependent and posed a major challenge to the British authority. It provides a connected account of the movements in different regions of country. Included in the book are the proceedings of some of the important meetings of the Indian National Congress, the Central Khilafat Committee and the Jamait-ul-Ulema Hind along with extracts from the speeches of Indian leaders. The book throws open many vital questions and offers rare documentary material which was earlier almost inaccessible to scholars. This will be of much use to those engaged in reconstructing the history of the period.</p>

Buddhist Translations: Problems and Perspectives

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<p>The last few decades indicate a growing interest the world over to know more about Buddhism in the way it developed and is practised in the Tibetan tradition. The availability of a large number of translations of Tibetan Buddhist literature can be attributed to this growing interest in Tibetan Buddhism. The task of transmitting truths embedded in an old language like Tibetan to a modern one like English presents enormous problems. The history of translation of Buddhist texts from Sanskrit and Tibetan in various phases had been marked by the imposition of Western conceptual scheme upon Buddhist material. The result has been distortion to a greater or lesser extent of the original genuine Buddhist message. Other factors too have been responsible for inaccurate translations. The goal should, however, be to ensure translations which will speak with genuine Buddhist voice in a language and style comprehensible to the average educated reader. Contributions to the volume by scholars both from India and abroad working on translations of Buddhist texts look at the various facets of the problems as experienced by them. The contributions in the volume focus on constraints that translators face and steps and inputs required to facilitate achievement of the desired goal.</p>

The Making of a Nation: Essays in Indian History and Politics

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<p>The transformation, within the framework of the history of India, of a classical civilization into a modern Nation State is a process of profound interest to social historians and scholars in the human sciences. The social, the biographical, the institutional, and last but not the least, the intellectual facets of this phenomenon are explored in the essays incorporated in this book. These essays are further held together by the belief that historical explorations not only provide clues to the past of a society; but they also illumine the present and provide the basis for its reconstruction in the future.</p>

Early Travels in India (16th & 17th Centuries)

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<p>This volume presents two famous accounts of travels in India, one from ‘Purchas’s Pilgrimage’ (the portion dealing with India) and the other by Linschoten. These originally appeared in Saturday Evening Englishmen and were later reprinted in a book form from Calcutta in 1864. Reverend Samuel Purchas (1575-1626) was a famous English compiler of travel books. He was passionately fond of voyages and travels, and having spent a lifetime collecting them, ruined himself in printing and publishing them. India finds an important place in his ‘Pilgrimage’ – India as it was in the reign of Jahangir. It was a time when the Moghul Empire at Delhi had just started growing to the dimensions of an Empire, Bengal had just been taken over by the Moghuls, Mahrattas were yet to appear on the historical horizon, the Rajputs were still formidable. The English had yet just a factory at Surat and another at Pulicat as their only permanent settlements in India. John Huighen Van Linschoten (1563-1611) visited India in the year 1583, sixteen years before the East India Company procured its first charter. He was Portuguese and made Goa his headquarters. Accounts of his travels are very interesting because of the light they throw upon the character of Portuguese administration in Goa, and upon the domestic life of the Portuguese at that time. His description of the Goans is exceedingly lifelike and interesting as refering to a part of India which until recent times was far from being generally known. The picture that emerges from these travel accounts is at once curious and gripping.&nbsp;</p>

A History of Indian Literature Volume I Fasc.2: The Ritual Sutras

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<p>FROM THE EDITOR’S INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY One of the main reasons why Indian thought and Indian civilization make so fascinating a field of study and research lies in their unique history and remarkable structure. Indian civilization has its roots in an ancient heritage in that pattern of culture which is sometimes called archaic or semi-primitive sometimes also pre- or non-modern. This culture or rather structure of the human mind is in the main characterized by presenting in some essential features striking contrasts to our modern ‘mentalité’. . . . The plan of this work reflects not only the increase in factual knowledge and the widening of our horizon but also the changed attitudes of the last sixty years. While much space is allotted to Sanskrit literature the literary works written in the Middle Indian languages receive extensive treatment and much more importance than was possible in Winternitz’ days had to be given to the modern literatures. A considerable part of the incorporated material has never been described. Those sections which already found a place in the works of our predecessors are generally much enlarged; old matter had to be brought up to date and a wealth of fresh information to be included. . . . Jan Gonda A History of Indian Literature was published originally between 1975 and 1987 in 10 volumes (30 books details inside). This series which had been out of print for quite some time is now being presented in a hard cover reprint.</p>

Walking with Pilgrims: The Kanwar Pilgromage of Bihar, Jharkhand and the Terai of Nepal

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<p>This volume makes a contribution to understanding pilgrimage not as a transient activity at the margins of daily life but as an event grounded firmly in the physical symbolic and social experience of the everyday world. The vital relationship between pilgrimage and society is explored via a focus on a specific pilgrimage – the Kanwar pilgrimage of Bihar and Jharkhand in India and the southeast Terai of Nepal. The rising popularity of this old but relatively unknown pilgrimage is striking and reflects profound changes in caste class and gender relation­ships subjectivity and notions of work in a modern economy. Through the lens of pilgrimage and pilgrims the book explores the everyday context of life in parts of rural Bihar and southeast Nepal questions about agency and desire in Hinduism and the meaning given to symbolic life in a changing world. This requires an integrative approach looking beyond the performance of the pilgrimage to the historical economic and social-cultural context. The volume underscores the role of popular and local history in understanding the life and popularity of a complex phenomenon such as the pilgrimage today. Equal importance is given to the geography and climatic conditions for natural rhythms such as that of rains rivers planetary movements were and still are intimately entwined with the agricultural socio-economic and ritual cycles. The particular experience of the world that this engenders and its relationship to the pilgrimage is described through the active voice of the pilgrims and descriptions of rites some new and many fast disappearing.</p>