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<p>To the Snow of Tibet through China first published in 1892 is a fascinating account of the experiences of the author a renowned collector of plants insects and animals to remote areas of Tibet through China. Beautifully illustrated the account contains important snippets of the lives of the people there the descriptions of ancient Buddhist temples the flora and fauna of the land and also the geographic landmarks like rivers mountains gorges etc. The book also contains in the Appendix Latin names of the species of birds reptiles and fishes found there along with their line drawings or pictures. About the Author Antwerp Edgar Pratt (1852-1924) was a Victorian naturalist explorer anthropologist and author. Three mammal species and two reptile species have been named after him. He had also travelled to Rocky Mountains Amazon rain forest Columbia and Papua New Guinea. One of his most memorable works is Two Years among New Guinea Cannibals published in 1906.</p>

<p>This book deals with the 1915 riots in Ceylon which broke out between the Sinhalese Buddhists and a small section of Mohammedans or Ceylon Moors and the brutal suppression of it by the British colonial authorities. The riots started on 28 May 1915 at Kandy with intolerance and aggressive-ness of a small section of the Mohammedans known to the Sinhalese as Hambayas and their insistence on the religious processions of the Sinhalese Buddhists passing in silence before their mosques in Gampola and Kandy. It soon spread to neighbouring villages on 30 May 1915. Fearing it to be a native uprising martial law was first declared by the British colonialists there on 2 June 1915 and was only terminated on 30 August 1915 during which many summary executions and other atrocities were carried out by the colonial rulers. It was the beginning of the Freedom movement in Ceylon. About the Author P. Ramanathan (1851-1930) was a Ceylonese Tamil lawyer politician and later Solicitor General of Ceylon in 1892.</p>

<p>When West Met East: Gandharan Art Revisited is based on hitherto unpublished or partly published sculptures and artefacts from Gandhara and Greater Gandhara dispersed in public and private collections across Asia Europe and the United States. Its subject is a form of figurative sculpture that emerged in the Gandharan region between the second and fifth centuries ce and reflects regional cross-cultural elements arising from its direct relationship with Buddhism and to some extent Hinduism as both flourished in India at the time of the Ku]sa]n Empire. The author’s ‘Introduction’ presents the historical foundation of the innovative artistic expressions that characterize the singularity of Gandharan art. The first chapter covers the cross-fertilized nature of the art and examines how Western artistic inspirations were transformed into new forms of art to narrate stories of Indian origin. The second chapter argues that Gandharan artists followed the chronological sequence established in the Sanskrit Lalitavistara or pre-existing texts which may have inspired this sacred book when depicting the scenes of the life of the Blessed One starting with the descent of the future Buddha from Tu]sita Heaven up to the first sermon in the deer park. Singling out one particular episode in the Buddha’s life the descent from the Trayastri`msa Heaven to Sa`mkasya the third chapter focuses on the literary sources that inspired Gandharan artists. The fourth chapter addresses the question of the first depictions of the Bodhisattvas Maitreya and Avalokitesvara in Gandharan art. And finally the fifth chapter looks at the symbolism behind the presence of Hindu gods in Gandharan art. About the Author Osmund Bopearachchi is adjunct Professor of Central and South Asian Art Archaeology and Numismatics at the University of California Berkeley and Emeritus Director of Research at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (C.N.R.S.-E.N.S. Paris). He holds a Ph.D. from the Paris I-Sorbonne University and a Higher Doctorate (Habilitation) from the Paris IV-Sorbonne University. He has published 12 books edited six volumes and published many articles in international journals.</p>

<p>The hinge of this book is 15 August 1947 the day India became independent. The new leaders of the nation formulated many goals for India’s speedy development. Among these was the promise to provide all urban citizens with decent housing and thus to clear all slums. This promise structures this book. It is divided into two sets of questions. The first one refers to the past. It was apparently necessary to express concern about the poor housing and sanitary provisions for many citizens before 1947. What was hence the situation of urban living during the approximately 150 years of colonial rule? What measures were taken (or not taken) for improvement? The promise to provide decent housing in independent India structures the second part of this book through a second set of questions. What were the public actions to bring the promise nearer by? What has been realized what faded away finally? The analysis ends in the mid-1960s when the role of public actors with regard to housing and the living environment diminished and the idea of 'self-help' and just marginal improvements of hut areas gained ground. Finally some answers to the question why Indian society has as yet not been able to find adequate answers to the lack of decent housing for a majority of its citizens are formulated. The book brings detailed in-depth knowledge on urban housing and sanitation on several Indian cities together in a comparative manner and places this local knowledge in a broader context crossing urban borders. About the Author Hans Schenk worked at the University of Amsterdam where he taught did research and was involved in consultancies with a focus on housing planning and related aspects of urban Asia. He has published widely during the last 50 years on many large and small Indian and other Asian cities.</p>

<p>This volume contains essays Mostly About Bengal written by the author over a period of fifteen years: 1. The Regional Elites: A Theory of Modern Indian History 2. The Partition of Bengal: A Problem in British Administration 1830-1912 3. A Plea for the Study of the Indian Provincial Legislatures 4. The Vote and the Transfer of Power: A Study of the Bengal General Election 1912-1913 5. The Forgotten Majority: The Bengal Muslims and September 1918 6. The Non-Cooperation Decision of 1920: A Crisis in Bengal Politics 7. Four Lives: History as Biography 8. Gandhi: A Twentieth-century Anomaly? 9. The Social and Institutional Bases of Politics in Bengal 1906-1947 10. Peasant Mobilization in Twentieth-century Bengal 11. The Rural Parvenu: A Report of Research in Progress These articles were published in different journals outside India which were hard to get in India. The volume is being reprinted as many of the articles are classics and still referred to by South Asian scholars. About the Author John Broomfield was Professor of modern Indian history at the University of Michigan for twenty years and has written extensively on the impact of the modern West on non-Western peoples.</p>

<p>This study is on the role of Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869-1948) and Aurobindo Ghose (1872-1950) as religious personalities in the develop­ment of an educational philosophy and practice. The major part of the study is an analysis of the develop- ment of an educational theory and praxis – a practical activity shared by the three great reformers. The work reveals that all of them were consistent in their self understanding and in their articulation of the nature of man and the building of future humanity through education. The three reformers offer a challenge to both East and West in religion and education as one enters twenty-first century. About the Author William Cenkner (1930-2003) was Katharine M. Drexel Professor of Religious Studies at the Catholic University of America Washington USA. He is also the author of Tradition of Teachers: Sankara and the Jagadgurus Today.</p>

<p>Organised internal and maritime commerce was an important feature of medieval South India often resulting in acute trade rivalries and armed conflicts between ruling dynasties who laid great emphasis on trade and conquests within and outside peninsular India. And it were the merchant guilds which provided the institutional framework for organised commerce internally and overseas. The need for a detailed study of history and activities of the merchant guilds for a fuller and objective appreciation of history of South India is thus imperative. The present work is the first detailed study of two powerful medieval merchant guilds of peninsular India viz. MANIGRAM and AYYAVOLE. The author reconstructs the history of the guilds and analyses their activities through a systematic study of stone and copper inscriptions found in Tamil and Kannada speaking areas of South India merchant inscriptions in Sri Lanka and extensive travels in South-East Asia. The book throws fresh light on the Cola State synthesis relationship between merchants and kings and the importance of revenues from trade to the medieval state and the linkage between South India kingdoms with the Indian Ocean and sea borne trade. Fresh interpretations of political history have been provided; the Cola Wars have been linked to commercial compulsions and the drift of people in Sri Lanka from the northern plains to the South-West coast has been examined in the context of changes in pattern of foreign trade. About the Author Meera Abraham spent many years on research for this book in Singapore Malaysia Sri Lanka and in Europe. Her preoccupation with historical research is partly a result of the years spent outside India which led her to look at Indian history afresh and to find explanations for the influence of India in the past of South-East Asia. She had a large number of articles published in academic journals to her credit.</p>

<p>The dawn of freedom over India in August 1947 after a long and bitter struggle against British imperialism was one of the seminal developments of the twentieth century. Small wonder then that this struggle has aroused substantial scholarly interest over the past decades. Yet despite the enormous body of literature upon the manner in which India won freedom at the same time as the subcontinent was partitioned into two sovereign states various facets of this historical phenomenon still remain unexplored. To stimulate new scholarly research on the struggle for freedom in India the Nehru Memorial Museum &amp; Library organized a symposium at which social scientists and humanists could collectively take a look at the past not only for antiquarian reasons but also to illumine the present. Most of the 17 essays incorporated in this volume were presented by distinguished scholars at the symposium held in 1984. The well known historian Prof. Ravinder Kumar the then Director of NMM&amp;L has contributed an Introduction to the volume. The volume is being made available again in response to the demand from the scholarly community/scholars. About the Author Educated in Calcutta Amit Kumar Gupta took his Ph.D in modern South Asian History from London University and taught for some time at the Scottish Church College Calcutta before holding academic positions at Nehru Memorial Museum &amp; Library and Indian Council of Historical Research New Delhi. His published works include North West Frontier Province Legislature and Freedom Struggle 1932-47; Between a Tory and a Liberal: Bombay Under Sir James Fergusson 1880-85 and a number of research papers.</p>

<p>The discoveries at the site of Ai Khanum on the northern frontier of Afghanistan reveals it to be one of the best colonies of the hellenistic Far East. The treasury of the royal palace was stocked with various precious goods like imported olive oil incense coins or gems and above all diverse objects relating to Indian art. Among the most significant discoveries are the fragments of a throne inlaid with agate and rock crystal incrustations probably produced in the region of Taxila and identical to another unique piece discovered in Rome. On the other hand a shell plaque decorated with glass incrustations seems to illustrate the well-known Indian myth of the encounter of Shakuntla with Dushyanta. The discovery of these objects helps throw new light on ancient ties between Central Asia and India. A series of economic inscriptions which not only enable a precise dating but also show evidence of payments in Indian coins permits to restitute the historical context of the findings more precisely the reign of Eucratides the Greek king who reigned in Ai Khanum during this period and was also the last Greek king to govern Eastern Bactria. The collection of Indian products in the treasury seems to prove that their presence at Ai Khanum has nothing to do with any commercial relations—the silk road having opened only later—but is to be connected with the military expedition of Eucratides. In fact during the last years of his reign Eucratides made a number of raids against the Indo-Greek territories on the southern slope of the Hindukush probably against the well-known hellenistic king Menander. But the progression of the Graeco-Bactrian king was brutally halted by the sudden nomadic invasions of the Yueh-chih and the assassination of Eucratides around the year 145 bc. This date permits attributing the Indian objects illustrated here to the first half of the second century bc and to put them among the most ancient representatives of the Indian art. About the Author Claude Rapin studied classical archaeology at the University of Lausanne. Under the direction of Prof. Paul Bernard he participated in the dig of Ai Khanum a major hellenistic site in Afghanistan and published a monograph on the palatial treasury of this town. He was also a member of the team that excavated the antique site of Samarkand with the French-Uzbek archaeological expedition.</p>