<p>Immunity is the resistance of the body expressed through various cellular, physiological and biochemical reactions in the body. Whenever any foreign material/ infection enters in the body, the immune system activates and initiates production of immunity against those particular foreign material (infection/antigen). Mainly the immunity developed in the body is either in the form of humoral or cell mediated immune response and is specific to a particular antigen against which it is developed in the body. In the process of disease diagnosis, it is important to either detect the presence of antigen in the body or antibodies or specific T cells for the confirmation of the disease. For this purpose, various immunological techniques are employed to confirm the tentative diagnosis of physician/clinician. In the present book, various immunological techniques are described, including agglutination, precipitation, CFT, ELISA, DIA and other related techniques. These techniques are described in a very simple language and written by very experienced persons including the tit-bits of each tests so that the readers can understand easily and may employ these techniques in their research. Besides, validation 01 the techniques is described along with a diagnostic, sensitivity and specificity to determine the assay performance and reliability. Measurement of uncertainty related with each diagnostic test has also been discussed in this book. The safety measurement adopted in diagnostic laboratory along with the first aid in case of accidents are being well described. Each technique is well illustrated through diagram or photographs so that the basic principle of the technique is clearly understood. Authors arc having very rich experience of working in a diagnostic laboratory not only as technical expert or as a diagnostician, but also they are having the experience of research managers and management of immunological laboratory and diagnostic laboratory. 'Hope this book will be very useful to the young budding biotechnologists who are interested in immunological techniques, the teachers, the diagnosticians, the medicos and veterinarians in their studies, and research endeavours on the related topics. Authors are thankful to all those who helped in the preparation of this book, directly or indirectly. Lastly inspite of our best efforts at perfection element of human error is still likely to creep in which the readers are welcome to point out since that will help us in improving the book further.</p><div><br></div>

<p>It is a matter of great pleasure and satisfaction to write this monograph on ELISA and Related Techniques. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a widely applicable and accepted test routinely used now-a-days for diagnosis and confirmation of infectious diseases. It has the same principle and sensitivity as radioimmunoassay (RIA) and replaced the later being less expensive and safe in handling during procedure. In radioimmunoassays, the use of radioisotope labelled antibodies or antigen are hazardous to the health and it requires the costly gamma or beta counter to interpret the results. The basic principle of ELISA is same as RIA but in place of radioisotope labelled antibodies, in ELISA an enzyme is used. This assay is also used for the detection of antigen as well as antibodies. For detection of antibodies, the known antigen is coated on the surface of well of polystyrene plate (96 wells) and then test serum samples, properly diluted, is added. After incubation, the plates are washed and conjugate enzyme labelled species specific antibody is added which binds with the antibodies present in test serum and can be detected by adding substrate which gives a coloured reaction that can be seen by naked eyes or read in spectrophotometer. For detection of antigen, the sandwich assay is preferred. In sandwich assay, antibody is bound to the solid phase (polystyrene plate). This antibody is known as capture antibody. Then the specimen suspected for presence of antigen is added. After appropriate incubation, the plate is washed and second antibody specific to antigen is applied, which is conjugated with enzyme in direct method while in indirect method this antibody is plain and anti-antibody conjugated with enzyme is applied which is known as indicator antibody. In indirect method the secondary antibody should be raised in a different animal species with that of capture antibody. The reaction is detected by applying enzyme substrate, which gives coloured reaction. The coloured reaction can be seen by naked eyes or is read by spectrophotometer. In this monograph, various tips of ELISA procedure are mentioned so that the readers can themselves use these techniques on their own. This compilation has been prepared with the details of enzyme immunoassays including dot immnuno-assay, immunoperoxidase techniques, PAP techniques and avidin-biotin complex assays. I believe that this monograph will be helpful to the readers as a practical as well as reference book particularly for those involved in biotechnology, veterinary and for medical diagnostic laboratories, research institutions and teaching of students. We must acknowledge our colleagues and family members for their support, motivation and cooperation.<br></p>

<p>Immunology is the science of resistance, which protects body from intrinsic and extrinsic substances that can harm body, through a variety of biochemical, physiological, humoral and cellular reactions in the body. This an integral part of the body without which one cannot think of life. During the process of evolution, nature has provided this defence mechanism in the body of all living creatures, particularly of higher animals and man that protects them from physical, chemical and biological insults. The antigens when enters in the body of animals is trapped, processed and eliminated by several cells including macrophages, dendritic cells and B-cells. Most antigens offer multiple epitopes and therefore initiate proliferation and differentiation in majority of B-cells clones, each derivative from a B-cell that recognizes a particular epitope. The resulting serum antibodies are heterogeneous comprising of mixture of antibodies, each one specific for one epitope itself. Such a polyclonal antibody response facilitates the localization, phagocytosis and complement mediated lysis of antigen (agent). This situation is normally present in the body, but if depressed, it leads to immunodeficiency or it is exaggerated, it is known as hypersensitivity. Another situation may occur in which immunity is directed towards the body's own/self materials, then it is known as autoimmunity. This book is divided in six chapters including Basic Concepts, Immunodeficiency, Hypersensitivity, Autoimmunity, Immunomodulation and Tumour Immunology for the benefit of readers. Hope it will be very useful to the students of Immunology/Biotechnology besides, veterinarians, medicos and graduate students. It may also provide useful information to the clinicians dealing with immunopathological disorders. Authors are thankful to all those who helped in the preparation of this book. Inspite of our best efforts at perfection, element of human error is still likely to creep in which readers are welcome to point out since that will help in improving the book further.</p><p><br></p>

<p>Volume I</p><p>This book on Medical knowledge contains nine chapters viz Neonatal disorders, Genetic diseases, Metabolic disorders, Molecular diagnostics, Infectious diseases, Nutritional disorders, Autoimmune diseases, Malignant diseases, and a special chapter on therapeutics. The book is useful for medical students of undergraduate, postgraduate, and superspecialties medical education, practicing pediatricians, medical teachers and researchers, and all those people who are involved in care of persons with diseases and disabilities.</p><p>Volume II</p><p>This book on Medical knowledge contains twelve chapters viz Endocrine diseases, Gastrointestinal hepatic and biliary diseases, Cardiovascular diseases, Hematologic disorders, Neurologic disorders, Musculoskeletal disorders, Dermatologic diseases, Diseases of the eye, Diseases of the ear nose and throat, Gynaecologic and Obstetric disorders, Diseases of the kidney and urinary tract, Diseases of the lungs. The book is useful for medical students of undergraduate, postgraduate, and superspecialties medical education, practicing pediatricians, medical teachers and researchers, and all those people who are involved in care of persons with diseases and disabilities.</p><div><br></div>

<p>This book on Medical knowledge contains twelve chapters viz Endocrine diseases, Gastrointestinal hepatic and biliary diseases, Cardiovascular diseases, Hematologic disorders, Neurologic disorders, Musculoskeletal disorders, Dermatologic diseases, Diseases of the eye, Diseases of the ear nose and throat, Gynaecologic and Obstetric disorders, Diseases of the kidney and urinary tract, Diseases of the lungs. The book is useful for medical students of undergraduate, postgraduate, and superspecialties medical education, practicing pediatricians, medical teachers and researchers, and all those people who are involved in care of persons with diseases and disabilities.<br></p>

<p>This book on Medical knowledge contains nine chapters viz Neonatal disorders, Genetic diseases, Metabolic disorders, Molecular diagnostics, Infectious diseases, Nutritional disorders, Autoimmune diseases, Malignant diseases, and a special chapter on therapeutics. The book is useful for medical students of undergraduate, postgraduate, and superspecialties medical education, practicing pediatricians, medical teachers and researchers, and all those people who are involved in care of persons with diseases and disabilities.<br></p>

<p>OSCE and OSPE in Physiology puts forward a comprehensive compilation of procedure stations in haematology practical and clinical examination in physiology. Physiology practicals provide a unique set of abilities, responses, and procedural stations that can be used as a valuable and instructive evaluation method. This would be useful for assessing learning domains such as knowledge, psychomotor, communication, and attitude.</p><p>As a result, its implementation in practical physiology would cater to Miller's pyramid's "shows how" level. It will serve as a reference guide for medical students' learning as well as the development of fundamental psychomotor skills as needed by the Competency-based curriculum.&nbsp;</p><p>Salient Features:&nbsp;</p><p>1. Simple language for better understanding of procedure.</p><p>2. Splendid presentation of procedure stations.&nbsp;</p><p>3. Covers recent trends in practical tests.</p><p>4. Encompasses important topics of haematology and clinical examination.</p><p>5. Useful and handy for UG and PG students.</p><div><br></div>

<p>The overview of the book includes the Pandemic Corona Virus vs Epidemic, Endemic and Post Pandemic Virus Diseases. For novel coronavirus treatments and prevention guidelines, it suggests allopathic, homeopathic, ayurvedic, home remedy, convalescent plasma therapy, etc. The current global data for the preclinical and clinical status of drugs-approved vaccines and few vaccines under development for coronavirus infections, and the impact of post-COVID-19 on science and technology, current and future directions in academic and industrial research. The primary arena is to explain the health condition and status of post-vaccination that may improve and reduce the long-term effects of the COVID-19 virus. Moreover, briefly enlightened post-COVID-19 recovery patients or vaccination people's worldwide associated side effects, and adverse drug reactions such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Toxic epidermal necrolysis, Mucormycosis, White fungus, Yellow fungus, Zika, Delta, Omicron, IHU, and Delmicron viruses are significant blockbusters of this second and third waves of current and post covid situation. The subject matter is written with adequate information about the pandemic, epidemic, endemic, and post-pandemic virus diseases and theoretical background and presented simply for better understanding among the medical, paramedical students, researchers, and scientists across the globe. This book is also handy for budding scientists and pharmaceutical professionals.<br></p>

<p>The book is specifically written to boost the conceptual knowledge of students and improve their focus on the next group growing skills on Microbiology and Biochemistry for making it as their carrier. This book can bring a light for the students, those are going to write in the CSIR-UGC NET, ICMR-NET, DBT-JRF, PG-Combined entrance exams, ICAR-NET, ASRB-NET, GATE, SLET, SAUs and other combined entrance examinations. All the questions of this book are assembled from standard textbooks of microbiology and biochemistry. The authors hope this book will surely assist the young minds to crack the examinations in an easy and simple way and will be useful to the researchers to simplify the doubts that often come during the research work. We also invite and welcome our readers to send their valuable suggestions for further progress of this book.</p><p><br></p>

<p>This book is one of its kind which is a must in the shelves of every post graduate student pursuing anaesthesiology. The book is a ready-made guide and last minute revision for post graduate students undertaking practical exams and viva voce. It will also help all anaesthesiologists to update and enhance their knowledge. The book is student friendly with lots of photographs of basic as well as latest state of art machines and equipments used in the branch of anaesthesiology.</p><div><br></div>